Electoral Hierarchy, Administration and Amendment: A Study Under Electoral Geography

Dr. Harvinder Singh Professor and Chairman Department of Geography Sahu Jain College Najibabad.

Abstract

Electoral geography is probably the strand with in political geography which followed geographies of elections [forms of transfer of power], of representation [type of electoral system] and of voting patterns. Ideally, electoral hierarchy should be constructed in such a way to ensure roughly equal number of electoral. However, population changes may render this division difficult. Moreover, political parties may have vested interest in maintaining level of over – or underrepresentation.

However, the electoral administration is the core of electoral hierarchy. Meaning thereby is that the functional application of systematic hierarchy is pre–determined by optimum administrative machinery at the disposal of district administration. The hierarchical pattern and the personal associated with administrative domain have been laid down in constitutional compendium which has juridical control.

With the passage of time the structural construction requires quantitative reshuffle in tune with the data base of Census Operation of India. And to give desire shape to electoral constituencies the amendment of Constitution is provided as authoritative remedial measure. Thus,political communication at national and regional level provides constant- motivational influences to the various stakeholders.  It has been i.e. The One Nation One Election had been successfully applied in the past in India and elsewhere.

Keywords: Electoral Geography, Constitutional Compendium, Stakeholders and Demarcation.

In this backdrop, the current research paper seeks to explore:-

Firstly, The Electoral hierarchy,

Secondly, Electoral Administration; and,

Thirdly, Constraints ofAmendment.

Politicising land, people and power: An introduction

The Civil World System in Political Geography give new dimension for the spatial – temporal analysis of the existence of three scales namely imperialism, the state, and; the local state.  This dimension of political geography has politicized land, people and power. The land has been organized into political territories, people acquired the citizenship of that political territory and power i.e. the strength of political parties within the political territory [includeboth inter and intra].

Thus, the organized political territories,citizenship; and, political parties were responsible for the emergence of Electoral Geography in 1913 in France. In the political geography of the political territories [now, states of the Union] elections play crucial at the scale of political ideology in channeling conflicts safely into constitutional arenas. There are three major core area of studying electoral geography as per the need and requirement of the present nature of the study; and, they are as follows:-

1. The Spatial organization of elections, with particular reference to constituency i.e. sequential and systematic hierarchical arrangement of constituency at various spatial level;
2. The Electoral administration with special reference to conduct of election which led to the spatial patterns of representation; and, of political choice.
3. The Spatial constraints with particular reference to constitutional amendments and its implementation.

The land [Constituencies], people [electoral] and power [electoral politics]are the three major components or attributes of electoral geography in general; and the hierarchy, administration and constitutional amendments in particular which has politicized them to territorial jurisdiction, citizens or the voters and absolute majority which has turned the land  or territory into the  fortress of B.J.P or CONGRESS or SAMAJVADI or B.S.P etc. The electoral politics is the process of systematic involvement of voters into the politics of elections and the election machinery.  The so –called election machinery has had highlighted the core attributes of electoral geography which resulted into the questioning  and re – questioning of hierarchy , administration and amendments.

The present contemporary fragmentation compels the Organizers: Edu Crea Global Research Committee, Ghaziabad to come up with National Seminar on: “Importance of Immediate Implementation of One Nation,One Election”. It won’t be unreasonable to state that the Indian polity is perennially in an election mode. Barring a few exceptional years within a normal 5 year tenure of the Lok Sabha, the country witnesses, on an average, elections to about 5-7 State Assemblies every year.

The term “Simultaneous Elections” is defined as structuring the Indian election cycle in a manner that elections to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies are synchronized together. In such a scenario, a voter would normally cast his/her vote for electing members of Lok Sabha and State Assembly on a single day and at the same time. To clarify further, simultaneous elections do not mean that voting across the country for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies needs to happen on a single day. This can be conducted in a phase-wise manner as per the existing practice provided voters in a particular constituency vote for both State Assembly and Lok Sabha the same day.

Nevertheless, since the 90s of the last century at least some have come forward to show deep interest in political geography, and in the geography of political choice, i e. electoral geography. Since, India is a participatory-democracy; electoral geography holds a special relevance in politico-geographical research. Development of electoral geography in India in the 80s and 90s merely reflected the tendency to incorporate organization of elections, voting patterns and spatial variation in power. Most of the recent works in political geography in India, except those in the field of electoral geography, are ‘idiographic’ in nature, though they appear to have been sustained by systematic analysis.

Dimensions of electoral geography

Broadly, the dimensions of electoral geography involve around 03 yardsticks / criteria; and they are as follows:-

1. State or Statecraft which includes – nation / states, sovereignty, governance; and democracy.
2. Identity has the political ethos like – nationalism, citizenship, post – colonial, representation; and gender as its core constituents.
3. Territory involves spatial scale, border; and regionalism.

The Electoral Hierarchy, Electoral Administration and Electoral Amendment are the contemporary dimensions of electoral geography which are hardly probe and academicians never venture into these attributes of electoral geography. However, in India they are sensitized by the Representation of Peoples Act, 1951 which provides the codified [which have the force of law of the land] directions and guidelines for the conduct of elections, election process and election machinery. Likewise, the Election Commission of India, 

The above mentioned dimensions reflect the process of decision making i.e. who get, where, when and why are the important issues which dispels the process of centre for the locations of political power.

Fundamental background

One of the earliest work on the study of Electoral Geography was made by the French Geographer A. Siegfried in the year [1913], the year in which his  revolutionary work entitled:“Tableau Politique De La France De l`oueste” which mark the emergence of electoral geography.

The field of electoral geography according to Prescott, [1959]  is important not only for itself but for the  “Electoral studies under certain conditions can be a starting point of research in political geography by providing criteria for territorial divisions of the state”. Electoral geography has the potential to make a significant contribution to the regional political geography of a state and is therefore very important area of research to venture into.

While, in India Prof. Shri Kant Dixit [1978], have made significant contribution in the discipline of electoral geography for his work on:“ Electoral Geography of India : With Special Reference to Sixth & Seventh Lok Sabha”.

Dr. Manorama Sinha [1979], is another prominent figure, known for her book on:“Electoral Geography of India “which providescomprehensive overview of electoral geography in India.

It`s also worth mentioning that the field of electoral geography as a whole,both globally and in India, has evolved over time, with researchers like Prof. Ron Johnston [1980] contributed extensively in explaining the theoretical and philosophical underpinning of how electoral geography are shaped by spatial factors.

More, recently, attempts have been made to set the tone to the study of elections into a much wider context, through work on geography where various types of elections are held; and of the separate geographies of support and power mobilized by political parties. In this, the goal is to emphasize the role of election hierarchy, election machinery and election administration.

Sharma and Pachori [2021], analyzed the boundaries as well as hierarchy of electoral constituencies of the Rajasthan State. They find that the respective seats of Lok Sabha Legislative Assembly, and Local Bodies are not increasing as per increase in population. As, the Delimitation commission freezes the delimitation till 2026.

However, in past few years some encouraging developments have been taken place in the field of electoral geography and the dimension of the research has been incorporated under the most valuable and identified electoral themes concentrating on electoral hierarchy and its related aspects.This study is particularly useful for geographers, political and social scientist and also for the general public.

Methodology and data base

The present study which deals with the assessment of   the Electoral Hierarchy, Administration and Amendment: A Study Under Electoral Geography.The research methodology pertains to the analytical tools adopted by the investigator to carry forward the research process (ranging from collection and gathering of information and data, its analysis and logical interpretation). The discussions, results and interpretation were based upon the exploratory and investigative approach which was centered upon:-

1. Inductive Approach,
2. Deductive Approach, and;
3. Generalization of Facts.

In order to make the present research possible, different kind of secondary sources have been used. Through which the use of different types of approaches and their importance in electoral geography have been described. To accomplish the above-mentioned objectives, the present study has used various political and electoral geography books and research papers.There is a need to adopt such methods of scientific inquiry in the field of electoral geography which ensure fairness to the extent possible. The methods commonly used in electoral geographic studies can be classified in a variety of ways. Here are mentioned three convenient stages through which electoral studies can be easily understood.

1. Observation and collection of evidence/data,
   1. Description of collected evidence/data; and
   1. Analysis.

Discussion and interpretation

The foregoing discussions will be focusing on the Electoral Hierarchy, Administration and Amendment: A Study Under Electoral Geography. Under this aspect the following will be discussed and analyzed:

[A.] Electoral Hierarchy,

[B.] Electoral Administration,

[C.] Constraints of Amendment; and.

[D] Endnotes.

                The Research Paper has been divided into 04 sections. Section – A analyses the Election Hierarchy. Section – B examines the Electoral Administration. Section – C takes up ConstraintsAmendment. While the penultimate Section D,sums up the main findings of the study in the form of endnotes.

SECTION: A – ELECTORAL HIERARCHY

It had been rightly observed by the American Geographer Hartshorne [1935], that “the electoral geography is the science of political areas or the states having well defined and administratively demarcated hierarchical order or rank  for the conduct of election process”.In the parliamentary and democratic system of republic state which have been governed by the directions and guidelines laid down by the constitution [codified legal compendium] has had adopted the sequential electoral hierarchical order from top [pinnacle] to bottom [grass root] level. Thus, the pre- defined electoral hierarchy ensures the conduct of elections [the universal suffrage] as per the legal procedure laid down for it; as enshrined in the constitution.

The electoral hierarchy pertains to the electoral administrative territory having a well defined   demarcated political boundary with in which the representative are chosen by the universal suffrage from the registered and identified voters [citizens] of that particular electoral territory. Meaning thereby is that, the electoral hierarchy is the electoral administrative seat for which the people` s representative or candidates are contesting the election.

Constitution provides democracy with a parliamentary system of government, and at the heart of the system lies a commitment to hold regular, free and fair elections. Thus, the hierarchy in the  elections determine the composition of the elected government. The hierarchical sequential order of the electoral hierarchy runs as follows:-

1.  Lok Sabha [  The House of People]
2. Vidhan Sabha [ The Legislative  Assembly]
3. Nagar Sthaniye Nikay Chunav [Urban Local Bodies] for constituting the Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council and Nagar Panchayat.
4. Panchayat Chunav [Grass Root Level] to constitute elected bodies like: Zila Parishad, Block Parishad and Gram Panchayat.

The identification of the electoral hierarchy is solely base upon the population data of each constituency. The current delimitation and its arrangement were based on the population figures of the 1971 census. The Delimitation Commission is a competent authority to redraw the boundaries of electoral hierarchy [constituencies] in a country or province by following a census data. The delimitation commission, trying to give equal representation for all, freezes the delimitation till 2026.

Table: 01 – Uttar Pradesh: Electoral Constituencies: 2024

S. N.	Electoral Hierarchy	Number  of Constituencies	After, 2027
01	Lok  Sabha	80	128
02	Vidhan  Sabha	403	525
03	Nagar Nikay	1414	1845
04	Three –Tier Gram Panchayat / Rural  Electoral Hierarchy	62,317	73, 434

Source: Various E- Sources, 2025.

The electoral hierarchy at Sub –National Level as per Table: 01 reveals that the number of constituencies/seats increases from top to bottom; and, likewise population decreases from top to bottom and vice- versa. Meaning there by is that the population criteria decides the electoral hierarchy for respective seats. For instance, the population criteria for gram panchayat were population below 500 and for lok sabha seat it will be over 01 million or 10 lakh. Although, there is no fixed standard for its composition with hill or mountain region could have lesser population as compared to the above scheme.

Another peculiar feature as per Table: 01 is the quantitative change as per the recommendation of the Delimitation Commission [2027] the exercise will take place in the year 2026 at varied spatial level.  The present data base will be changed significantly from top to bottom [i.e. from Lok Sabha to Three – Tier Gram Panchayat] in the study area.

The quantitative change in the composition of electoral hierarchy will definitely increases the work load of the Electoral Administration to manifold; as the efficient demarcation will be solely rely upon electoral human resource machinery which is at the disposal of the chief electoral officer the constitutional head of electoral hierarchy.

The change in the electoral hierarchy will conversely change the quantitative electoral data base at meso level [i.e. at district level] as per the figures appended inTable: 02.

Table: 02 –District Bijnor: Electoral Constituencies: 2024

S. N.	Electoral Hierarchy	Number  of Constituencies	After, 2027
01	Lok  Sabha	02	03
02	Vidhan  Sabha	08	12
03	Nagar Nikay	18	25
04	Three –Tier Gram Panchayat / Rural  Electoral Hierarchy	1294	1545

Source: Various E- Sources, 2025.

The area of study will undergo for electoral franchise with the Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Election in 2026 and followed by the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Election in the year 2027.These electoral exercise might be conducted on the emerging projections with respect to their electoral hierarchies.

Section: B – Electoral Administration

The Electoral Administration has been determined as the very core constitutional authority enshrined in The Representation Of People`s Act, 1950 [Part – IIA; Section – 13A]; after electoral hierarchy. The electoral administration or the electoral machinery pertains to the skilled officials[Public Servant] and election bodies [established by the competent authority] which are required for the conduct and completion of election process in a pre – notified administrative territory of a union or State of the Republic.

There are 02 Dimensions of Electoral Administration; and, they are as follows:

1. Electoral Officials; and,
2.  Competent Authority.
3. Electoral Officials  :As far as the electoral officials are concerned they pertain to:-

[A] Static Electoral officials; and,

[B] Mobile / Field Electoral Officials.

[A] Static Electoral Officials are the controlling and governing authority which control and implements the guidelines and directions and official communication under their territory. Their hierarchical sequential order are as follows:-

[I] Chief Election Commissioner (C.E.C)

[II] State Election Commissioner (S.E.C)

[III] Election Observer (E.O)

[IV] District Election Officer (D.E.O) / D.M

[V] Returning Officer (R.O) / S.D.M

[VI] Assistant Returning Officer (A.R.O) / Gazetted Officer

[VII] Booth Level Officer (B.L.O)

[VIII]Medical Emergency Officials (M.E.O)

[B] On the other hand, the Mobile / Field Electoral Officials are the gazetted rank  and non- – gazette rank public servants which were engaged by the Election Commission of India; and; by the State Election Commission from time to time for conducting the election in a notified constituency. They are the very vital force of manpower which during election process work under the guidelines and supervision of district administration and election commission. As the Election Commission did`nt have their own recruited employees for the conduct of election exercise.

The hierarchical sequential order of the Mobile / Field Electoral Official are as follows:- 

[I] Zonal Magistrate (Z.M)

[II] Sector Magistrate (S.M)

[III] Static Magistrate (S.M)

[IV] Presiding Officer (P.O)

[V] Polling Officer (P.O)

[VI] Micro observer (M.O)

[VII] Paramilitary Force (P.M.F)

[VIII] State Police Force (S.P.F)

[IX] State Home Guards (S.H.G)

The electoral administration whether static or mobile / field officials perform their electoral duty in a utmost synchronized manner; as their role and function elaborately laid down in the election manual being published from time to time by the competent authority for the fair and smooth conduct of election process and compliance of model code of conduct being issued by the election commission in a predetermined electoral constituency. Actually, the top brass to bottom levelelectoral machinery of manpower is involved which gives shape to electoral administration.

However, the stipulated and prescribed period as laid down in the election manual for the functioningof the  officials of the electoral administration were from the  issuance of the notification to this effect; and, up to the declaration of the election result which is for a period of 30 to 45 days. But, in case of thebye – election, the election officials which conducted the original election will be deployed again if the bye election happened to be in their constituency.

• Competent Authority: The Competent Authority is the autonomous constitutional apex body established under the provision of the constitution which looks into the election process, election machinery, pre and post election protocols and election related litigation and petitions.

Thus, the superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for and the conduct of all elections shall be vested in the competent authority. The competent authority is completely insulated from external pressures and undue influence from the ruling party and must not be constituted by the executive exclusively.

The following are the competent authorities constituted and established by the constitutional provision of the land; and they are:-

1. Election Commission of India [ E.C.I]; and,
2.  State Election Commissions [S.E.C]

1. Election Commission of India [E.C.I]:- To understand the Politics of Electoral Choice in Contemporary India brings us face to face with the nucleus of electoral pinnacle the supreme autonomous body established under the Act of Constitution and that is the election commission of India popularly known as the Nirvachan Sadan. It was formed on 25 Jan.1950 exactly 75 years ago as a single member body headed by Chief Election Commissioner [C.E.C] with Sh. Sukumar Sen as the first C.E.C [1950 to 1958] of this apex body. As per The Election Commissioner Amendment Act, 1989 the commission was made a multi –member body with 02 additional election commissioners who were appointed to the commission for the first time  in 1989, designated as the Election Commissioner of India [E.C.I] .

Table: 03 – Components of Election Commission of India

S.N.	Components	Terms  & Conditions
01.	Jurisdiction	India
02.	Headquarter	Nirvachan Sadan
03.	Executives	03 [01- CEC] & 02 [ECI
04	Serving Period	06 Years  or 65 Years  [Whichever is Earlier]
05	Appointing Authority	President  of India
06	Removal of CEC	By Impeachment
07	Removal of  ECI	Recommendation of CEC By President of India

Source: Various E- Sources, 2025.

Thus, the Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India. The body administers elections to the Lok  Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies in  India ; and the offices of  the   President  and   Vice – President  in the country.

1. State Election Commissions [S.E.C]:- The 73^rdand 74^thAmendment of the Constitution of India were enacted in 1992,  thereby  it introduced and  established a Uniform Three –  Tier System of Panchayats [P.R.I] and Urban Local Bodies [U.L.B]  mandatory promoting greater  public participation in Rural as well as Urban Governance. Thus, the creation of the State Election Commission [S.E.C] was the significant outcome paving way for the decentralization of power.

The State Election Commission of Uttar Pradesh [S.E.C U.P] is an independent constitutional body responsible for conducting elections for rural and urban local bodies – the constitutionally mandated Third Tier of Government in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.The State Election Commission of Uttar Pradesh [S.E.C U.P] was established and formed on 23 Apr. 1994. Under the general superintendence of the State Election Commission the District Magistrate [D.M] are responsible for the conduct of local body election in their respective districts. The State Election Commission operates under article 243K and 243ZA which were inserted by the amendment to the constitution.

Table: 04 – Components of State Election Commission of Uttar Pradesh

S. N.	Components	Terms  &  Conditions
01.	Jurisdiction	Whole of Uttar Pradseh
02.	Headquarter	Udhai Ganj, Lucknow
03.	Executives	07 [01- SEC], 01[ADDL. COMM.] 03 [J.C] & 02 [O.S.D]
04	Serving Period	06 Years  or 68 Years [ Whichever is earlier]
05	Appointing Authority	Governor
06	Removal of CEC	By Impeachment
07	Removal of  ECI	Recommendation of SEC By Governor

Source: Various E- Sources, 2025.

[C.] Constraints of Amendment:-

It won’t be unreasonable to state that the Indian polity is perennially in an election mode with Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Elections schedule to be held in 2025 -2026 and Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Elections slated for 2027. Barring a few exceptional years within a normal 5 year tenure the country witnesses, on an average, elections to about 5-7 State Assemblies every year.  However, in the year  1999, The Law Commission of India headed by Hon`ble Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy in its report on reforms of Electoral Law recommended Simultaneous Election to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.

Legislatures in India have a term of five years. Elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies were held together from 1951 to 1967. However, this cycle was disrupted in 1968 and 1969 due to premature dissolution of some State Assemblies.  In 1970, the fourth Lok Sabha was also dissolved prematurely. Since then, elections for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies have been held with different schedules.In order to gave desire shape to electoral constituencies the amendment of Constitution is provided as authoritative remedial measure.

 As a result, a serious need to evolve a mechanism to end this frequent election cycles has been expressed by various stakeholders since quite some time now. The idea of undertaking simultaneous elections is being seriously considered as a potential solution to the above problem. Several prominent political leaders have also consistently voiced their support for the above idea at various forums. Some expert committees have also examined this particular issue in the past.

Therefore, the 129^th Amendment Bill 2024 specifically deals with the provisions of conducting of the ‘Simultaneous Election’ or ‘The One Nation One Election’. The bill has been referred to Joint Parliamentary Committee [J. P.C] for further discussions and its consolidation.

What Ails Amendment?

There are various ails and constraints in the path of amendment. There are several stakeholders viza.viz politicians, bureaucrats, top brassof red carpet executives and industrialists.Ideally simultaneous elections should imply that elections to all the three tiers of constitutional institutions take place in a synchronized and co-ordinated fashion. What this effectively means is that a voter casts his vote for electing members for all tiers of the Government on a single day. Having said that, the third tier institutions is primarily a State subject as per the Constitution. Further, considering the facts that elections to the third tier institutions are directed and controlled by the State Election Commissions and their sheer numbers in the country is significantly large, it would be impractical and possibly impossible to synchronize and align election schedules to the third tier with that of Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.

Key national political parties in their submissions to the Parliamentary Standing Committee have expressed their reservations. These parties have questioned its do-ability given the existing constitutional and statutory provisions with regards to tenure of various Assemblies and Parliament.

On the other hand, some other critics and think-tanks have criticized this idea as being politically motivated. These critics have argued that holding simultaneous elections may influence voter behavior in a manner that voters would end up voting on national issues even for state elections. Effectively, this would lead to larger national parties winning both State and Lok Sabha elections thereby marginalizing regional parties which often represent the interests of local social and economic groups. This may undermine the depth and breadth of Indian democracy. With this context, the objective of this section is to examine the merit of criticisms to this idea and present counter-arguments against the same.

The Key Criticism cited against holding simultaneous elections could be broadly as below:

[I] Operational Feasibility / Do-ability: This point covers larger challenges which would need to be adequately addressed within the constitutional and statutory boundaries. This includes attendant aspects such as – How would terms of Assemblies/Lok Sabha be synchronized for the first time? Would it be feasible to extend or curtail the existing terms of some State Assemblies to facilitate the above? If elections are held simultaneously, what would happen in case the ruling party or coalition loses majority in between term, either in Lok Sabha or in State assemblies? Should the term of Lok Sabha and assemblies be fixed? Operational challenges – Is it practically feasible for the ECI to conduct elections at such a massive scale – considering logistics, security and manpower resource requirements?

[II] Impact to Voter Behaviour: The primary hypothesis of this criticism is that Indian voters are not mature / informed enough to differentiate between the voting choices for State Assembly and Lok Sabha in case simultaneous elections are held. This situation could lead to – a) National issues impacting electorate’s behaviour for voting in State Assembly elections; or b) State issues impacting electorate’s behaviour for voting in Lok Sabha elections. As a result, voter behaviour gets influenced and he/she may vote for the same political party, which in most cases may be larger national political parties.

The above observation is an evidence of the hypothesis that simultaneous elections would harm the federal democratic structure of the Indian polity. Critics argue that simultaneous elections would benefit larger national parties at the cost of regional parties. Thus the so- called, “Simultaneous elections will curb the voice of people living at the margins of the society by strangulating the scope for regional parties which reflect local aspirations/issues. This will reverse the process of deepening democracy.”

[D] Endnotes

The present study has been focused upon the most path breaking and path creating theme of geographical thought; and, it deals with the:“Electoral Hierarchy, Administration and Amendment: A Study Under Electoral Geography”. The paper dwells in the detail explanation and investigation of the following core area of the theme:-

1. Electoral Hierarchy 2.Electoral Administration; and 3.Constrainst of Amendment.Under the end notes the followings findings has had been observed during the entire interpretation:-

[I] The parliamentary and democratic system of the republic states were governed by the directions and guidelines laid down by the constitution [codified legal compendium] has had adopted the sequential electoral hierarchical order from top [pinnacle] to bottom [grass root] level to ensure order of the rank from macro to micro spatial level. The number of the population that is the total population in the electoral constituency is the core indicator in determining the electoral hierarchical level.The number of constituencies / seats increases from top to bottom; and, likewise population decreases from top to bottom and vice- versa. It has been observed that, recently at micro hierarchical level  of  the electoral system the polling station with lesser registered voters [ less than 500]  were merged with nearby polling  station [ with distance of  2 to 3 Kilo Meter] . This administrative and political move resulted in decline in registered electoral constituency.

 [II] Secondly, with respect to the electoral administration it has been found that, the  electoral administration has various  administrative  cadre  which ultimately  forms the election machinery which are at the disposal of  competent authority for the prescribed  period as laid down in the notification of this effect. Thus, the electoral officials and the competent authority are the core body from which the electoral administration radiates. It has been observed that the Central Armed Military Forces [C.A.M.F] also came into the preview of electoral administration; although they have internal security and nation`s defense are their top priority apart from electoral officials.

[III] And lastly, but not the least the constraints of amendment which is of applied and implementive in its nature has had several pros and cons, merit and demerits and a debatable segment of the theme which significantly depend upon bureaucratic and political tactics,  policies and their will. If sooner or later implemented it will be resulted into autocracy favoring the ruling political party be it at center and even at the state level. It will also depend upon the present and emerging political equation of political seats and political strength in the respective house. It will wipe out the opposition from the Indian political and democratic arena.Theoperational feasibility will remain in question and it may also impact voter behaviour.

On popular note, ending with potential quote:  “One Get the Government What One Deserves”.

References

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