Vinay Kumar Singh – Nature and Technology: The Green Revolution in Hindi Literature

Abstract

This paper examines the portrayal of the Green Revolution in Hindi literature, analyzing how this transformative period in Indian agriculture has been depicted in novels, short stories, and poetry. The Green Revolution, characterized by the introduction of high-yielding seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation technologies, dramatically increased food production but also brought about significant social and environmental consequences.

Hindi literature offers a nuanced perspective on this complex phenomenon. While some works celebrate the increased yields and economic benefits that alleviated food scarcity, many others critically examine the negative impacts on rural communities. These include the displacement of small farmers due to increased costs and competition, the growing dependence on expensive inputs, and the erosion of traditional farming practices. Furthermore, the environmental degradation caused by the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, leading to soil and water contamination, is a recurring theme.

The study will focus on key literary texts that engage with the Green Revolution, exploring how writers have represented the changing landscape of rural India, the shifting power dynamics within agrarian society, and the psychological impact on individuals and communities. By analyzing the narratives, characters, and symbolism employed by Hindi writers, this paper aims to understand how literature has contributed to a critical understanding of the Green Revolution’s legacy, highlighting its successes alongside its often-overlooked social and ecological costs. The analysis will reveal the complex and multifaceted ways in which Hindi literature has engaged with the promises and perils of technological progress in the agricultural sector.

Keywords: Green Revolution, Hindi Literature, Indian Agriculture, Social Impact, Environmental Impact

I. Introduction:

The relationship between humanity and the natural world has been a central theme in literature across cultures and periods. Hindi literature, with its rich traditions and deep connection to the Indian subcontinent, has always reflected this interplay, often portraying nature as a source of sustenance, beauty, and spiritual reflection. However, the 20th century witnessed a dramatic shift in this relationship, driven by rapid technological advancements, particularly in agriculture. This introduction will examine how the Green Revolution, a period of significant agricultural innovation in India, impacted the portrayal of nature and technology within Hindi literature. This exploration will delve into how writers grappled with the promises and pitfalls of technological progress, the transformations in rural life, and the evolving understanding of humanity’s place within the ecological balance. We will investigate how Hindi literature responded to the altered landscape – both physical and social – brought about by the Green Revolution and its attendant complexities.

Objective

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the representation of the Green Revolution in Hindi literature and examine how writers have portrayed the intersection of nature and technology in India’s agrarian landscape. This research aims to:

Explore Literary Perspectives – Investigate how Hindi literary works depict the socio-economic and environmental impacts of the Green Revolution on rural India.
Examine Themes of Technological Change – Understand how literature addresses the transition from traditional farming practices to mechanized and high-yield agriculture.
Analyze Environmental and Social Concerns – Assess how writers critique or celebrate the ecological and social consequences of the Green Revolution, including issues like soil degradation, water depletion, and rural inequality.
Identify Shifts in Rural Narratives – Trace the evolution of rural representation in Hindi literature, from pre-Green Revolution idealism to post-revolution realism.
Highlight Literary Resistance and Adaptation – Explore how Hindi writers either resist or adapt to the discourse of technological progress in agriculture.

By achieving these objectives, this study seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of how Hindi literature serves as a reflection and critique of agricultural modernization in India.

Research and Methodology

This study employs a qualitative research approach, focusing on textual analysis and literary criticism to explore the representation of the Green Revolution in Hindi literature. The methodology involves the following key components:

1. Research Approach

A descriptive and analytical approach will be used to examine how Hindi literary texts portray the impact of the Green Revolution on rural life, agriculture, and the environment.
A comparative approach will be employed to contrast different literary perspectives—both supportive and critical—on the technological transformations in agriculture.

2. Data Collection

Primary Sources: Selected Hindi literary works, including novels, short stories, and poems, that depict themes related to the Green Revolution, agricultural modernization, and rural transformation. Works by authors such as Premchand, Phanishwar Nath Renu, Rahi Masoom Raza, and others will be analyzed.
Secondary Sources: Scholarly articles, critical essays, and research papers that discuss the intersection of Hindi literature, environmental studies, and the socio-economic impact of the Green Revolution.

3. Methods of Analysis

Thematic Analysis: Identifying recurring themes in Hindi literature, such as technological advancement, environmental degradation, farmer struggles, and rural transformation.
Contextual Analysis: Examining the historical, socio-political, and economic background in which these literary works were written and how they reflect or critique the realities of the Green Revolution.
Comparative Analysis: Comparing different literary representations of the Green Revolution to highlight variations in perspective, tone, and ideological stance.
Eco-Critical Approach: Applying environmental literary criticism to understand how nature, land, and ecology are depicted in these works in the context of technological change.

4. Scope and Limitations

The study primarily focuses on Hindi literature and its engagement with the Green Revolution, without delving deeply into literary representations in other Indian languages.
While major literary works will be analyzed, the study may not cover every text on the subject due to time and resource constraints.

By using this research framework, the study aims to provide a comprehensive literary analysis of how Hindi literature has responded to the Green Revolution, revealing its complexities, contradictions, and cultural significance.

Results and Discussion

A-Exploring Literary Perspectives on the Green Revolution in Hindi Literature

Hindi literature has long been a reflection of India’s agrarian culture, capturing the lives, struggles, and aspirations of rural communities. With the advent of the Green Revolution in the 1960s, a significant transformation occurred in Indian agriculture, bringing both prosperity and challenges. Hindi literary works have explored these changes, offering a critical lens on the socio-economic and environmental consequences of the Green Revolution.

1. Socio-Economic Impact in Hindi Literature- The Green Revolution introduced mechanization, chemical fertilizers, and high-yield variety (HYV) seeds, leading to increased agricultural productivity. However, this shift also resulted in economic disparities, with large landowners benefiting more than small and marginal farmers. Hindi writers have depicted these disparities through various narratives:

Phanishwar Nath Renu’s works often highlight the struggles of small farmers, showcasing the growing divide between the rich and the poor. His stories present the disillusionment of farmers who could not afford the expensive inputs required for modern farming.
Rahi Masoom Raza’s novel “Aadha Gaon” portrays rural transformations and the socio-political upheavals resulting from economic changes. The Green Revolution exacerbated existing caste and class divisions, themes that frequently emerge in Hindi literature.
Premchand’s earlier works, like “Godan,” though written before the Green Revolution, foreshadow the economic struggles of farmers, which later intensified with agricultural modernization.

2. Environmental Impact in Literary Depictions- While the Green Revolution significantly boosted food production, it also led to serious environmental issues, such as soil degradation, water depletion, and loss of biodiversity. Hindi literature has captured these concerns, often warning against the long-term consequences of excessive reliance on chemical farming:

Poets and writers like Kunwar Narayan and Muktibodh have expressed concerns over the disruption of the natural balance due to modern agricultural practices. Their poetry often reflects the tension between progress and ecological sustainability.
Stories in Hindi magazines and anthologies from the 1970s and 1980s document farmers’ struggles with declining soil fertility and pesticide overuse, illustrating how technological progress came at an environmental cost.
Contemporary environmental fiction in Hindi, such as Anupam Mishra’s essays and writings, critiques the overexploitation of water resources and loss of traditional farming wisdom.

3. Changing Rural Narratives- Hindi literature has evolved from romanticized depictions of village life to more nuanced portrayals of rural realities post-Green Revolution. Some key shifts include:

Earlier literature glorified self-sufficient rural communities, but post-Green Revolution narratives often highlight migration, indebtedness, and land alienation.
The mechanization of agriculture, once seen as a symbol of progress, is now depicted with ambivalence, as it led to job losses and weakened community ties.
Writers increasingly focus on climate change, water scarcity, and the search for sustainable farming, themes that were previously less prominent in Hindi literature.

The Green Revolution, while celebrated for ensuring food security, also brought deep socio-economic and environmental challenges, which Hindi literature has critically examined. By analyzing these literary perspectives, we gain a deeper understanding of how agricultural modernization reshaped rural India, not just in material terms but also in cultural and emotional dimensions.

B-Examining Themes of Technological Change in Hindi Literature

The transition from traditional farming practices to mechanized and high-yield agriculture during the Green Revolution significantly altered rural India. Hindi literature has captured these changes through various themes, reflecting both the promises and the perils of agricultural modernization. This section examines how Hindi literary works address the shift from indigenous farming methods to modern techniques, highlighting the social, economic, and environmental transformations brought by mechanization and high-yield agriculture.

1. The Promise of Modernization: Optimism and Progress- Early narratives around the Green Revolution often embraced the idea of technological progress as a solution to India’s food security crisis. Writers depicted mechanization as a means of prosperity, with characters viewing tractors, irrigation systems, and HYV (high-yield variety) seeds as symbols of economic growth.

Technological Optimism: Some literary works present farmers welcoming modern farming tools, irrigation techniques, and chemical fertilizers with enthusiasm, seeing them as a way to escape traditional hardships.
Government Influence and Agricultural Policies: Several stories and essays highlight the role of government schemes in promoting mechanized farming, reflecting the discourse of national progress.

2. Displacement of Traditional Knowledge and Practices- A recurring theme in Hindi literature is the loss of indigenous agricultural knowledge due to the widespread adoption of modern techniques. Traditional farming, deeply connected with local ecology and sustainable practices, began to decline as mechanization took precedence.

Contrast Between Old and New Generations: Many novels and short stories depict conflicts between older farmers, who rely on ancestral wisdom, and younger generations, who favor mechanized farming and chemical inputs.
The Decline of Traditional Crops: Literature reflects how hybrid seeds and cash crops replaced traditional, biodiverse farming, leading to dependency on external markets.

3. Economic Inequality and Farmer Distress- While mechanization benefited wealthy landowners, it also marginalized small and landless farmers, leading to economic disparities and debt crises. Hindi literature extensively portrays these struggles:

Debt and Farmer Suicides: The high costs of machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides led many farmers into cycles of debt, a theme powerfully depicted in modern Hindi stories and poetry.
Exploitation by Middlemen and Corporations: Some works critique how farmers, dependent on multinational seed companies and government policies, lost autonomy over their agricultural choices.

4. Environmental Consequences of Technological Change- The shift to high-yield agriculture came with severe ecological costs, a concern raised in contemporary Hindi literature:

Soil Degradation and Water Crisis: Several works illustrate how excessive chemical use depleted soil fertility, while over-irrigation led to water shortages and declining groundwater levels.
Loss of Biodiversity: Literature reflects the ecological imbalance caused by monoculture farming and the disappearance of native crop varieties.
Climate Change and Agricultural Uncertainty: Recent writings depict the vulnerabilities of modern farming in the face of erratic climate patterns, droughts, and floods.

5. Mechanization and Social Transformation- The introduction of machines like tractors and harvesters reduced the need for manual labor, leading to significant social changes:

Job Loss and Rural-Urban Migration: Many narratives highlight how laborers lost employment, forcing them to migrate to cities in search of work.
Shifting Gender Roles: Some works explore how women, traditionally involved in agricultural labor, faced new challenges as mechanization changed their roles in farming communities.

Hindi literature provides a nuanced reflection on the technological changes brought by the Green Revolution, capturing both its benefits and its unintended consequences. Through stories, novels, and poems, writers have critically engaged with the transition from traditional farming to mechanized, high-yield agriculture, documenting its impact on farmers, rural society, and the environment.

C-Analyzing Environmental and Social Concerns in Hindi Literature

The Green Revolution, while significantly improving agricultural productivity, also led to unintended environmental and social consequences. Hindi literature has critically engaged with these transformations, highlighting both the benefits and the challenges faced by rural communities. Writers have used novels, short stories, and poetry to critique or celebrate the Green Revolution’s impact, addressing issues such as soil degradation, water depletion, and growing social inequality.

1. Environmental Concerns in Hindi Literature

a. Soil Degradation and Loss of Fertility- The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides resulted in long-term soil degradation, a theme frequently explored in Hindi literature. Writers depict how once-fertile lands lost their productivity, forcing farmers into deeper cycles of struggle.

Depictions of Declining Harvests: Many stories highlight the contrast between initial prosperity and later declines in yield, illustrating the long-term ecological harm caused by over-reliance on synthetic inputs.
Traditional vs. Modern Knowledge: Some works compare the wisdom of organic, traditional farming with the short-sighted approach of high-yield agriculture, questioning the sustainability of technological advancements.

b. Water Depletion and Irrigation Crisis- The introduction of HYV (high-yield variety) crops required extensive irrigation, leading to the overuse of groundwater and depletion of water resources. Hindi literature reflects this crisis through narratives of drought, crop failures, and farmer distress.

The symbolism of Water Scarcity: Poets and novelists use water—or its absence—as a symbol of both life and loss, portraying villages that once flourished now struggling with dried wells and parched fields.
Migration Due to Water Crisis: Stories frequently depict farmers abandoning their lands and migrating to cities, showing how water scarcity disrupted rural life.

c. Loss of Biodiversity and Ecological Balance- The Green Revolution promoted monoculture farming, replacing diverse traditional crops with wheat and rice, which affected local ecosystems. Hindi literary works have captured this loss:

Vanishing Native Crops: Writers lament the disappearance of indigenous crop varieties that were better suited to local climates and required fewer chemical inputs.
Impact on Rural Landscapes: Some poems and short stories nostalgically describe landscapes once rich with diverse flora and fauna, now transformed into industrial farmlands.

2. Social Concerns in Hindi Literature

a. Economic Disparities and Rural Inequality- While large landowners and wealthy farmers benefited from mechanization, small farmers struggled to afford the new agricultural technology. Many Hindi literary works critique this growing economic divide.

Landlords vs. Small Farmers: Novels and short stories depict wealthy landowners profiting from the Green Revolution, while small farmers face increasing debt and land loss.
Debt and Farmer Suicides: Some works explore the tragic consequences of financial instability, including farmer suicides, a recurring issue in post-Green Revolution rural India.

b. Rural-Urban Migration and Cultural Displacement- The Green Revolution disrupted traditional rural economies, pushing many landless laborers and small farmers to migrate to cities in search of work. This shift is a prominent theme in Hindi literature.

Themes of Alienation: Writers depict migrant farmers struggling to adapt to urban life, feeling disconnected from their roots and facing economic hardships.
The Changing Face of Villages: Literature reflects how modernization eroded rural community life, replacing collective farming traditions with individual competition.

c. Gender and Social Structure- The mechanization of agriculture altered traditional gender roles, impacting women’s participation in farming and changing social hierarchies.

Women’s Marginalization: Some literary works highlight how women, once central to agricultural labor, were sidelined as machines took over farming tasks.
Caste and Class Struggles: Stories often depict how the benefits of modernization were unevenly distributed, deepening caste and class inequalities in rural India.

3. Literary Responses: Critique vs. Celebration

a. Critical Perspectives- Many Hindi writers critique the Green Revolution, focusing on its long-term consequences:

Phanishwar Nath Renu portrays the loss of rural self-sufficiency and the struggles of small farmers.
Rahi Masoom Raza highlights social upheaval, including economic disparity and land alienation.
Contemporary Environmental Writers like Anupam Mishra critique industrialized farming’s ecological impact.

b. Celebratory Perspectives- While critical views dominate, some literary works celebrate the Green Revolution’s successes:

Modernization and Progress: Some stories reflect the optimism of farmers who initially benefited from increased production.
Self-Reliance and National Growth: Certain narratives frame the Green Revolution as a necessary step for India’s economic independence.

Hindi literature provides a profound critique of the Green Revolution’s environmental and social consequences, capturing both its promises and its perils. Through rich storytelling and poetic expressions, writers have highlighted the struggles of farmers, the ecological degradation of the land, and the shifting social fabric of rural India. These literary works serve as both historical documentation and critical reflections on agricultural modernization, urging readers to consider the complex realities beyond the promise of technological progress

D-Identifying Shifts in Rural Narratives in Hindi Literature

The representation of rural life in Hindi literature has undergone significant shifts over time, reflecting the socio-economic transformations brought by the Green Revolution. Before the Green Revolution, rural India was often portrayed through an idealized lens, emphasizing harmony, self-sufficiency, and the deep connection between farmers and the land. However, post-Green Revolution literature took on a more realistic and critical tone, highlighting mechanization, economic disparities, ecological damage, and the changing social fabric of villages.

1. Pre-Green Revolution: Romanticized and Idealistic Rural Narratives

Before the 1960s, Hindi literature largely depicted villages as symbols of cultural purity and traditional wisdom. Writers focused on themes of communal harmony, agrarian simplicity, and a deep spiritual connection with the land.

a. The Village as a Moral and Cultural Ideal

Munshi Premchand’s “Godan” (1936): This classic novel presents the struggles of farmers but also portrays village life as culturally rich and morally superior to urban life. The protagonist, Hori, represents the hardworking Indian farmer who remains tied to the soil despite hardships.
Jainendra Kumar and Bhagwati Charan Verma: Their works depict rural India as a space of ethical values, contrasting it with the corruption of cities.

b. Agriculture as a Sacred Duty

The land was often personified as “Mother Earth,” emphasizing farmers’ devotion to their work as more than just economic activity—it was a spiritual and communal practice.
Farmers were depicted as self-reliant, and traditional farming methods were shown as sustainable and sufficient.

2. The Green Revolution and the Emergence of Realism

With the introduction of mechanized farming, chemical fertilizers, and high-yield crops, villages experienced profound changes. Hindi literature began to reflect these realities, moving away from romanticized portrayals to a more critical examination of rural transformation.

a. Mechanization and the Loss of Traditional Farming

Phanishwar Nath Renu’s works depict how tractors, pesticides, and hybrid seeds altered rural landscapes, often benefiting large landowners while marginalizing small farmers.
The replacement of traditional farming wisdom with scientific methods created a sense of displacement, particularly among older generations.

b. Economic Disparities and Rural Exploitation

The divide between rich and poor farmers widened. Wealthy landlords could afford new technology, while small farmers fell into debt due to the high costs of fertilizers and seeds.
Rahi Masoom Raza’s “Aadha Gaon” (1966) explores how economic changes and caste politics reshaped rural communities.
The rise of middlemen and corporate control over agriculture became common themes in Hindi literature.

c. Decline of Communal Living and Migration

The Green Revolution’s emphasis on individual prosperity weakened traditional rural bonds.
Short stories from the 1970s and 1980s often depict young farmers leaving their villages for city jobs due to agricultural instability.
Poets and writers like Muktibodh and Nagarjun wrote about the emotional disconnect between migrants and their homeland.

3. Contemporary Hindi Literature: Crisis and Resistance

Recent Hindi literature focuses on the aftermath of the Green Revolution, particularly its long-term environmental and social consequences.

a. Ecological Concerns and Climate Change

Writers critique the overuse of pesticides, declining soil fertility, and water shortages.
Anupam Mishra’s environmental writings document the destruction of traditional water conservation methods.

b. Farmer Suicides and Economic Hardships

Novels and stories depict the tragic reality of debt-ridden farmers committing suicide, a major crisis in modern rural India.
Literature highlights the failure of government policies in addressing rural distress.

c. Return to Sustainable Farming

Some contemporary works explore the revival of organic farming and the wisdom of traditional agricultural methods.
Writers advocate for ecological balance and question the long-term viability of Green Revolution practices.

The transition from pre-Green Revolution idealism to post-revolution realism in Hindi literature reflects deep-seated changes in Indian agriculture and society. While earlier works glorified rural life, modern narratives offer a critical perspective on mechanization, economic disparity, migration, and environmental degradation. By tracing these shifts, we see how literature serves as a powerful medium for documenting and analyzing India’s evolving agrarian landscape

E-Literary Resistance and Adaptation in Hindi Literature

The Green Revolution introduced technological advancements in Indian agriculture, leading to significant socio-economic and environmental changes. Hindi literature responded to this transformation in two distinct ways: literary resistance, where writers critiqued the impact of mechanization and capitalist-driven farming, and literary adaptation, where some authors embraced technological progress as a necessary step toward modernity and national self-sufficiency.

1. Literary Resistance: Critiquing the Green Revolution

Many Hindi writers resisted the dominant narrative of agricultural modernization, emphasizing its negative consequences for small farmers, rural communities, and the environment.

a. The Loss of Traditional Agrarian Culture

Writers mourned the decline of traditional farming practices, which were deeply rooted in sustainable agricultural knowledge.
Phanishwar Nath Renu’s stories capture the anxiety of rural communities as they struggle to adapt to mechanized farming.
Nagarjun’s poetry expresses nostalgia for organic farming and criticizes the destruction of ecological balance.

b. Economic Inequality and Marginalization

Novels and short stories highlight how the Green Revolution widened the gap between rich landlords and poor farmers.
Rahi Masoom Raza’s “Aadha Gaon” explores caste and class inequalities in the context of agricultural transformation.
Several works depict small farmers falling into cycles of debt due to high-cost farming inputs, leading to land loss and migration.

c. Environmental Degradation and Ecological Crisis

Literature critiques excessive pesticide and fertilizer use, soil degradation, and groundwater depletion.
Anupam Mishra’s environmental essays emphasize the damage caused by modern irrigation systems and advocate for traditional water conservation methods.
Muktibodh’s poetry presents dystopian imagery of nature being exploited in the name of progress.

2. Literary Adaptation: Embracing Agricultural Modernization

Some Hindi writers, while acknowledging the challenges, viewed the Green Revolution as a necessary step toward food security and rural development.

a. Technological Progress and National Growth

Literature from the 1960s and 1970s reflected the optimism surrounding India’s self-sufficiency in food production.
Stories in government-supported publications often celebrated tractors, irrigation canals, and hybrid seeds as symbols of national progress.

b. The Farmer as a Modern Entrepreneur

Some works depict farmers adapting to new technology and achieving economic success.
Contemporary Hindi fiction explores themes of agribusiness, cooperative farming, and scientific advancements in agriculture.

c. Sustainable Agriculture and New Solutions

Recent literary works explore the shift toward organic farming, sustainable water management, and eco-friendly innovations.
Writers like Uday Prakash portray characters experimenting with modern techniques while maintaining ecological balance.

Hindi literature presents a complex and multi-dimensional response to the Green Revolution. While some writers resist the notion of progress by highlighting its social and environmental costs, others adapt to and incorporate the narrative of agricultural modernization. This dynamic discourse continues to evolve, reflecting the changing realities of Indian farming and rural life.

Conclusion

The Green Revolution brought profound changes to India’s agricultural landscape, and Hindi literature has played a crucial role in documenting, critiquing, and adapting to these transformations. The evolution of rural narratives—from pre-Green Revolution idealism to post-revolution realism—reflects the complexities of technological progress in farming. On one hand, many writers have resisted the dominant discourse of modernization, highlighting the socio-economic inequalities, environmental degradation, and loss of traditional agrarian wisdom caused by mechanization and high-yield farming. Novels, short stories, and poetry have served as powerful critiques, exposing issues such as farmer indebtedness, rural displacement, and ecological crisis.

On the other hand, some authors have adapted to the changing realities, portraying agricultural modernization as a necessary step toward self-sufficiency and national progress. These narratives acknowledge the challenges but also explore themes of resilience, adaptation, and the possibilities of sustainable technological integration in farming. Overall, Hindi literature provides a rich and multifaceted engagement with the Green Revolution, capturing both its promises and perils. It remains a critical space where the voices of farmers, environmentalists, and rural communities find expression, ensuring that the human and ecological costs of progress are neither ignored nor forgotten. Through its resistance, adaptation, and nuanced storytelling, Hindi literature continues to shape our understanding of the ongoing dialogue between nature and technology in Indian agriculture.

References

Premchand, Munshi – Godan (1936): A classic novel that portrays the struggles of Indian farmers before the Green Revolution.
Phanishwar Nath Renu – Maila Aanchal (1954): Captures the socio-economic realities of rural India and the early effects of modernization.
Rahi Masoom Raza – Aadha Gaon (1966): A powerful exploration of caste, class, and rural transformation during the Green Revolution.
Nagarjun (Baba Nagarjun) – Pratinidhi Kavitayein (Poetry Collection): Poems reflecting rural distress, ecological degradation, and resistance against capitalist farming.
Muktibodh, Gajanan Madhav – Samagra Kavitayein: Poetry critiquing industrialization and its impact on nature and agrarian life.
Anupam Mishra – Aaj Bhi Khare Hain Talaab (1993): A study on traditional water conservation methods and their relevance in modern agriculture.
Shiva, Vandana – The Violence of the Green Revolution (1991): Examines the ecological and social impact of the Green Revolution in India.
Brass, Paul R. – The Politics of India Since Independence (1994): Provides insights into the economic and political implications of agricultural modernization.
Patel, Raj – Stuffed and Starved: Markets, Power and the Hidden Battle for the World’s Food System (2007): Discusses the global effects of industrial agriculture, including the Green Revolution’s impact on Indian farmers.
Gupta, Dipankar – The Caged Phoenix: Can India Fly? (2009): Addresses rural-urban shifts and the consequences of mechanized farming on Indian society.